Method and apparatus for tracking client interaction with a network resource

ABSTRACT

A method for monitoring client interaction with a resource downloaded from a server in a computer network includes the steps of using a client to specify an address of a resource located on a first server, downloading a file corresponding to the resource from the first server in response to specification of the address, using the client to specify an address of a first executable program located on a second server, the address of the first executable program being embedded in the file downloaded from the first server, the first executable program including a software timer for monitoring the amount of time the client spends interacting with and displaying the file downloaded from the first server, downloading the first executable program from the second server to run on the client so as to determine the amount of time the client interacts with the file downloaded from the first server, using a server to acquire client identifying indicia from the client, and uploading the amount of time determined by the first executable program to a third server. The first executable program may also monitor time, keyboard events, mouse events, and the like, in order to track choices and selections made by a user in the file, and may execute upon the occurrence of a predetermined event, as well as monitoring or determining the amount of information downloaded by the client. The monitored information and client identifying indicia is stored on a database in a server for use in analysis and for automatically serving out files assembled according to user interests and preferences.

This is a continuation application of application Ser. No. 09/120,376,filed Jul. 21, 1998, now pending; which is a continuation application of08/821,534, filed Mar. 21, 1997, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,796,952 onAug. 18, 1998.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for monitoringclient use of and interaction with a resource downloaded from a serveron a computer network, for storing monitored data, for creating adatabase including profiles indexed by user and/or resource identity,and for generating customized resources based upon client profiles.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The development of software packages designed to permit simplifiedgraphical user interface (GUI)-based access to the wealth of electronicinformation available over the Internet and the World Wide Web has leadto a dramatic increase in the amount of information that is currentlyavailable over public computer networks. Unlike the highly controlledatmosphere of a private computer network, however, it is difficult tomonitor user interaction with network resources on public networks. As aresult, it is difficult for individual servers on a public network todetermine how long individual users have interacted with theirresources, or how much information has been downloaded. It is equallydifficult for individual servers to target specialized information to aparticular audience or to learn the identity of individual users on apublic network.

The techniques utilized in many private networks for monitoring clientuse and interaction do not lend themselves to public networks. Forexample, user access to a server in private networks is generallyobtained through the use of a unique identification number provided bythe server. Details of individual user interaction with the network areclosely monitored by server-resident processes, and historic databasesare automatically generated and continually updated to track the natureand amount of information accessed by individual users, as well as theirconnection time. This information is generally used, for example, tomaintain a subscriber-indexed billing database.

In a public computer network, however, use of server-resident monitoringtechniques may be severely limited. In some public networks, subscribersare given unlimited access, via a service provider, to a virtuallyunlimited number of servers, and no permanent connection is usually madebetween these servers and a client machine. The nature and amount ofinformation downloaded by individual users is not easily monitored foreach client machine and only limited information concerning individualuser interaction with the network may generally be captured by a server(i.e., so-called network ID and client ID).

Due largely to the lack of advanced monitoring techniques available toindividual servers on a public network, the same information isgenerally served out to all clients on a completely untargeted basis. Inother words, the same information is generally downloaded to all usersthat access a particular resource on a server, irrespective ofindividual user interests. There is therefore a need to provide serverson a public network with the ability to automatically monitor use of andinteraction with resources downloaded by users so as to facilitate thetargeted serving of information.

While various methods are known for obtaining information concerninguser preferences, no such methods are automatic. For instance, oneapplication, known as a “customizable home page”, permits users, uponthe request of a server, to make certain choices. When a user who hasdone so contacts that server at a later date, the server assemblesinformation for downloading to the user in accordance with thepreviously-selected choices. More specifically, the user visits aso-called “Web page” of a particular server where he or she is asked tofill in a blank form by selecting various preferences, such as links tofavorite Web sites, interests in entertainment, sports, and the like.The user then submits this information to the server by clicking theso-called “submit” button of the fill-in form, which causes the clientto transmit the information to the server. The server returns a Web pagewith a response header which creates, or “sets” an ID field located in afile on the client computer (this file is known as the “client ID” or“cookie”) to include information about the user's preferences. When theuser later returns to a specified Uniform Resource Locator, or “URL”, onthe same server, the “client ID” or “cookie” with the previously-setpreference information is transmitted in the HTTP request header to theserver, which can then return a Web page that is assembled according tothe user-specific information. This application is disclosed, forexample, in A. Gundavaram, CGI Programming on the World Wide Web,O'Reilly Press, 1996.

While the “customizable home page” facilitates the serving ofinformation on a limited targeted basis, it does not provide for theautomatic determination of user interests, and inconveniences the userby requesting that he or she specify various preferences. Moreover, useof a customizable home page is limited to individual Web sites and cannot be “spread out” over multiple resources on different servers. Inother words, while a customizable home page may be of use with respectto the particular resources located on a single server, it does notserve any purpose for other servers on a public network. A variation ofthis technique is used by some servers to download executable programs.For instance, one such application disclosed by G. Cornell and C. S.Horstmann, in Core Java, The SunSoft Press, 1996, involves thegeneration of “order forms” on client computers. In this application,the client machine loads a Web page from a server which has an embeddedlink to an executable program that downloads to and executes on theclient machine. Upon execution in the client machine, the programcontacts the server and retrieves a list of goods and associated prices.The program allows the user to order various goods and requires the userto fill out a form for billing purposes. The user “clicks” on the submitbutton of the fill-in form to transmit the information to the server.Like the customizable home page, this method of user-specific dataacquisition requires the active participation of the user, and does notprovide for the automatic determination of user preferences andinterests.

In addition to the inability to serve out information on a targetedbasis, which is of enormous concern from a marketing standpoint, thelimited monitoring capabilities available to individual servers makes itdifficult for servers and administrators to determine how long usershave viewed their resources and how much information has been downloadedby individual users so as to be able to bill client use and interactionwith network resources and to analyze the value and effectiveness ofsuch resources. As a result, much of the information provided by aserver over a public network is the same for all clients. In addition,while it is currently possible to track a user's links within the sameresource, there is no standard way to track user's links across multipleresources on different servers. For example, a common occurrence inpublic networks is when a user is viewing a first resource and “clickson” a link to a second resource located on a different server. In suchinstances, the second resource is downloaded and the first resource iseither discarded or held in background. However, there is generally nouniform way in which to monitor such occurrences. In addition, while itis currently possible to track the number of times a particular resourcehas been accessed, it has generally not been possible to track thelength of time a particular resource has been viewed by a particularuser. There is also a great deal of other valuable informationconcerning user interaction with a resource which would be useful toadministrators, advertisers, marketing professionals and the like, butwhich can not be conveniently collected using current monitoringtechniques.

For example, one of the largest public networks, the “Internet”, hasbecome an extremely popular advertising tool. Many companies have theirown Internet “Web sites” and have also purchased advertising spacewithin more popular Web sites of other companies. For instance, manyadvertisers purchase so-called “advertising banner” (or “ad banner”)space within the Web page of a popular site, thereby allowing consumersto “click-through” (i.e., specify a link) to the Web site of theadvertiser. In many cases, the use of an ad banner substantiallyincreases the advertiser's exposure. Using the limited monitoringtechniques available to Internet servers, however, it is difficult todetermine the effectiveness of individual Web sites and ad banners. Forinstance, known monitoring techniques are generally limited todetermining the number of times a Web page was downloaded. Similartechniques are used to determine the number of times an ad banner (whichis embedded inside a Web page) has been displayed, and how many timesthe banner was “clicked” on to visit the Web site of the advertiser.

Generally, an ad banner is embedded inside a Web page located on a firstserver through the use of the known HTML <IMG> tag. When a clientmachine passes a TCP/IP request for the Web page to the first server,the Web page is downloaded to the client, including the ad bannerembedded using the <IMG> tag. The <IMG> tag is used to reference aresource (i.e., the “ad banner”) stored on the same or a differentserver which captures the user's ID (via the HTTP request header) anddynamically returns an ad related image to the client for display withinthe Web page. At the same time, a counter representing the number oftimes the specific ad has been displayed is incremented. The ad banneritself may have an embedded address referring to yet another Webresource. In such an instance, if the user “clicks” on the ad banner,the client may load a resource on the second server which once againcaptures the user's ID and forwards the user to a Web resource which isappropriate for the displayed ad (for example, a page on theadvertiser's Web site). At the same time, a counter representing thenumber of times the specific ad was clicked on to go to the advertiser'sWeb site is incremented.

While Web sites and ad banners have, in some cases, been valuablemarketing tools, the limited monitoring capabilities available toservers on networks in which no permanent connection is made between aserver and a client (such as the Internet) has prevented these marketingtools from being used to their full potential. Since HTTP or Web serverscannot automatically determine the amount of time and the frequency atwhich particular users interact with their resources, Web siteadministrators and advertisers cannot accurately determine theeffectiveness of their resources. Since servers cannot automaticallymonitor user interaction and automatically obtain user preferences andinterests, servers cannot assemble and serve resources targeted toindividual user interests.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In view of the foregoing shortcomings of the prior art, an object of thepresent invention is to provide a method for tracking the use andinteraction of a user with a resource downloaded from a server on anetwork by use of a tracking program embedded in the resource andexecutable by a client. Another object of the present invention is totransmit the tracking information from a client to another computerconnected to the network for storage and analysis.

Still another object of the present invention is to create a database ofserver resources including, but not limited to, the number of times aresource has been displayed by clients, the amount of time displayed,and the type and amount of information that was displayed ortransferred. This information could be used by network administrators orservers to analyze the effectiveness of the resources made available ontheir network servers.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide means forcreating a database of user profiles for use by advertisers and/ormarketers to determine the effectiveness and value of network-basedadvertisements and/or marketing resources.

Still yet another object of the present invention is to provide meansfor creating a database of user profiles containing details ofindividual user interaction with and use of network resources including,for example, Network IDs (known as “IP address”) and client IDs (knownas “cookies”) that have accessed particular resources, the amount oftime spent by users interacting with and/or using particular resources,and details of choices created by individual users within a particularresource.

It is still yet another object of the present invention to provide meansfor assembling a resource, such as a Web page or a highly targeted adbanner, in accordance with a historic user profile.

In order to achieve the above-described and other objects andadvantages, a tracking program is embedded in a file which is downloadedfrom a server to a client. The tracking program need not originate fromthe same server that sent the file, and may be obtained, for example,via an embedded URL that points to a different server. The trackingprogram may be part of a larger program that performs other operations(such as displaying animations, playing sounds, etc.). The trackingprogram is downloaded from a server and runs on the client to monitorvarious indicia, such as elapsed time, mouse events, keyboard events,and the like, in order to track the user's interaction with and use ofthe file or to monitor choices (such as selections or links to otherresources or files) made by the user while within the file. The trackingprogram may also monitor the amount of data downloaded by the client.Operation of the tracking program commences after the program isdownloaded and any required initialization occurs.

After monitoring the user's interaction with and use of the filedownloaded from the server, the tracking program then automaticallysends the information acquired from the client back to a server forstorage and analysis. The information may be sent before or as theclient exits the file, or may be sent in response to a predetermineduser action. The information preferably includes any available client ornetwork IDs.

The acquired information is preferably stored on a server and used tobuild historical profiles of individual users, to serve out highlytargeted information based upon user profiles, as well as to extractinformation about how much data was downloaded by a respective client,and how long or how often specific files were displayed or in use by theclient.

Preferably, the tracking program is implemented in a network based uponthe client/server model, and may be implemented in a public network suchas the Internet or World Wide Web. The tracking program may monitor useof and interaction with any of the resources downloaded from a server,including an executable program, a database file, an interactive game, amultimedia application, and the like. In the case of the Internet, forexample, the tracked resource may, for example, be a file such as a Webpage or part of a Web page (such as an ad banner).

In one embodiment of the present invention, the tracking program isembedded in an HTML document (such as a Web site, a Web page, or part ofa Web page-e.g. an “ad banner”). A TCP/IP connection is used by a clientto pass a request for the HTML document. The HTML document is stored ina server running an HTTP service and contains text and one or more firstembedded URLs for pointing to one or more graphical images located on aserver, the images being embedded inside the HTML document using an HTML<IMG> tag to specify the source URL for an image. The HTML document alsocontains a second embedded URL for pointing to a first executableprogram that runs on a server, the first executable program beingembedded inside the HTML document using an HTML <IMG> tag to specify thesource URL for the program. A second executable program is also embeddedin the HTML document by using a third URL for pointing to the secondexecutable program. Unlike the first executable program, the secondexecutable program is downloaded and runs on the client. The secondexecutable program is embedded using the proper HTML tag to indicatethat it is a program that is executable on the client.

After the HTML document is downloaded to the client, the graphicalimages are fetched using a TCP/IP connection to server resourcesspecified by the one or more first URLs. In attempting to fetch theresource associated with the first executable program, the client causesthe program to run on the server specified by the second URL. Uponexecution of the first executable program, the server capturesidentifying indicia from the client, such as any network or client IDsresident in the HTTP request header sent by the client. The serverstores this information in a client profile database.

The client also fetches the second executable program, which is thetracking program. The tracking program downloads to the client, and,after performing any required initialization, determines the currenttime. The tracking program also determines the current time upon theperformance of a predetermined operation on the client computer by auser, such as leaving the HTML document. After calculating the amount oftime the user interacted with and displayed the HTML document, i.e., bydetermining the difference in time values, the tracking program uploadsthe calculated value to the server for storage in the user profiledatabase.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a computer network in which the present inventionmay be implemented;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a client computer which is used inconnection with various preferred embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a flowchart diagram of a first embodiment of the presentinvention, which is a method for monitoring the amount of time a Webpage is displayed on a client computer;

FIG. 4 is a flowchart diagram of a second embodiment of the presentinvention, which is a method for monitoring the amount of time a Webpage is displayed on a client computer;

FIG. 5 is a flowchart diagram of a third embodiment of the presentinvention;

FIG. 6 is a flowchart diagram of a fourth embodiment of the presentinvention; and

FIG. 7 is a flowchart diagram of a fifth embodiment of the presentinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

The teachings of the present invention are applicable to many differenttypes of computer networks and may also be used, for instance, inconjunction with direct on-line connections to databases. As will beappreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, while the followingdiscussion sets forth various preferred implementations of the methodand system of the present invention, these implementations are notintended to be restrictive of the appended claims, nor are they intendedto imply that the claimed invention has limited applicability to onetype of computer network. In this regard, the teachings of the presentinvention are equally applicable for use in local area networks of alltypes, wide area networks, private networks, on-line subscriptionservices, on-line database services, private networks, and publicnetworks including the Internet and the World Wide Web. While theprinciples underlying the Internet and the World Wide Web are describedin some detail hereinbelow in connection with various aspects of thepresent invention, this discussion is provided for descriptive purposesonly and is not intended to imply any limiting aspects to the broadlyclaimed methods and systems of the present invention.

The present invention, although equally applicable to public and privatecomputer networks, is particularly useful for performing monitoringfunctions in connection with public networks which could not heretoforebe performed. For this reason, implementation of the present inventionwill be discussed in detail in connection with the Internet and theWorld Wide Web. This discussion is equally applicable to any networkbased upon the client/server model.

Accordingly, as will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in theart, as used herein, the term “client” refers to a client computer (ormachine) on a network, or to a process, such as a Web browser, whichruns on a client computer in order to facilitate network connectivityand communications. Thus, for example, a “client machine” can store andone or more “client processes.” The term “user” is used to broadly referto one or more persons that use a particular client machine.

FIG. 1 illustrates a known computer network based on the client-servermodel, such as the Internet. The network comprises one or more “servers”10 which are accessible by “clients” 12, such as personal computers,which, in the case of the Internet, is provided through a private accessprovider 14 (such as Digital Telemedia in New York City) or an on-lineservice provider 16 (such as America On-Line, Prodigy, CompuServe, theMicrosoft Network, and the like). Each of the clients 12 may run a “Webbrowser”, which is a known software tool used to access the Web via aconnection obtained through an Internet access provider. The serversallow access to various network resources. In the Internet, for example,a Web server 10 allows access to so-called “Web sites” which compriseresources in various different formats. A location of a resource on aserver is identified by a so-called Uniform Resource Locator, or URL.

The “World Wide Web” (“Web”) is that collection of servers on theInternet that utilize the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). HTTP is aknown application protocol that provides users access to resources(which can be information in different formats such as text, graphics,images, sound, video, Hypertext Markup Language-“HTML” etc., as well asprograms). HTML is a standard page description language which providesbasic document formatting and allows the developer to specify “links” toother servers and files. Links are specified via a Uniform ResourceLocator or “URL”. Upon specification of a link, the client makes aTCP/IP request to the server and receives information that was specifiedin that URL (for example another “Web page” that was formatted accordingto HTML) in return. The information returned may be generated in wholeor in part by a program that executes on the server. Such programs aretypically known as CGI (Common-Gateway-Interface) scripts and can bewritten using known programming languages or methods that the serversupports, such as PERL or C++. A typical Web page is an HTML documentwith text, “links” that a user may activate (e.g. “click on”), as wellas embedded URLs pointing to resources (such as images, video or sound)that the client must fetch to fully render the Web Page in a browser.These resources may not be located on the same server that the HTMLdocument was sent from. Furthermore, HTTP allows for the transmission ofcertain information from the client to a server. This information can beembedded within the URL, can be contained in the HTTP header fields, orcan be posted directly to the server using known HTTP methods.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a representative “client” computer. Thesame or similar computer can also be used for each of the servers. Thesystem unit 21 includes a system bus 31 to which various components arecoupled and by which communication between the various components isaccomplished. The microprocessor 32 is connected to the system bus 31and is supported by a read only memory (ROM) 33 and random access memory(RAM) 34. The ROM 33 contains, among other code, the basic input-outputsystem (BIOS) which controls basic hardware operations such as theinteraction and the disk drives and the keyboard. The RAM 34 is the mainmemory into which the operating system 60 and application programs, suchas a Web browser 62, are loaded and cached 63. The memory managementchip 35 is connected to the system bus 31 and controls direct memoryaccess operations, including passing data between the RAM 34 and thehard disk drive 36 and the floppy disk drive 37. The CD ROM 42, alsocoupled to the system bus, 31, is used to store a large amount of data,e.g., multimedia programs or large databases.

Also connected to the system bus 31 are various I/O controllers: thekeyboard controller 38, the mouse controller 39, the video controller40, and the audio controller 41. The keyboard controller 38 provides thehardware interface for the keyboard 22, the controller 39 provides thehardware interface for the mouse (or other hand-operated inputimplement) 23, the video controller 40 provides the hardware interfacefor the display 24, and the audio controller 41 is the hardwareinterface for the multimedia speakers 25 a and 25 b. A modem 50 (ornetwork card) enables communication over a network 56 to other computersover the computer network. The operating system 60 of the computer maybe Macintosh OS, OS/2, AIX, BE OS or any other known operating system,and each client computer is sometimes referred to as a “client machine”,a client “computer”, or simply as a “client.”

As noted above, the Internet includes a public network using theInternet Protocol (TCP/IP) and includes servers 10 which are accessibleby clients 12. When a Web browser 62 is used to access a file on aserver 10, the server 10 may send information including graphics,instruction sets, sound and video files in addition to HTML documents(Web pages) to the requesting client.

In accordance with the present invention, a tracking program is embeddedin a resource, such as an HTML document which is sent from a server to aclient based on a TCP/IP request. The tracking program may originate ona different server than the resource, in which case it may be obtainedby the client through a TCP/IP request to the other server. The trackingprogram executes on a client machine, and is stored, for example, inRAM. The tracking program may monitor various indicia, such as time,mouse events, keyboard events, and the like, in order to track a user'sinteraction with the Web page. Thus, the tracking program may simplymonitor the amount of time the user spends interacting with the Webpage, or may monitor details of choices (such as links) made byindividual users within a particular Web page.

In some cases, clients will “cache” a resource obtained over the network(or temporarily store a copy of the resource on the user's computer),and may use the cached copy of the resource instead of obtaining it overthe Internet when the resource is needed at a later time (for example,in order to completely render a Web page). In such cases, neither thebasic operations nor functions of the tracking program nor thetransmission of tracked information to a server, differ from the caseswhere cached copies were not used.

In one embodiment of the present invention, a tracking program isembedded in an HTML of a Web page and downloaded by a client. Thetracking program may monitor operation of a peripheral input deviceconnected to the client machine, such as a keyboard or mouse, keep arecord of which choices, if any, are made by a user, and may monitor thelength of time the user has displayed the Web page in addition to thetime spent interacting with a particular part of it. While in thepreferred embodiment, the tracking program is embedded in an HTMLdocument, those skilled in the art will recognize that other mechanismsare possible for embedding the tracking program in the client hardware,and the patent is not limited to implementation as an executable programembedded in an HTML document. For example, the tracking program may bedownloaded and installed in a client process, as would be the case for aso-called “plug-in” or “helper” application. Alternatively, the trackingprogram can be built into a client application or client process suchthat it need not be separately downloaded and installed. In addition,the teachings of the present invention are not limited to use on theInternet or the World Wide Web. For instance, the tracking program ofthe present invention may be utilized on a so-called “Intranet”.

As noted above, a client process, such as a Web browser running on theclient machine, uses a TCP/IP connection to pass a request to a Webserver running an HTTP service (or “daemon” under the UNIX operatingsystem). The HTTP service then responds to the request, typically bysending a Web page formatted in the Hypertext Markup Language, or HTML,to the browser. The browser displays the Web page using local resources(e.g., fonts and colors). Unless the tracking program is alreadyresident in the client, it is embedded in the Web page and downloaded tothe client along with the Web page. The tracking program is executedafter any required initialization has occurred. The tracking program maymonitor the length of time the user remains in the Web page, or any oneor more portions thereof, and may track some or all mouse and keyboardevents to provide meaningful data to the server concerning the user'sinteraction with the Web page.

In its simplest form, the tracking program is a timer program linked toan HTML document and is downloaded and executed on a client when theHTML document is served to the client in response to a client TCP/IPrequest. During or after the client formats and displays the Web pagespecified by the HTML document, the tracking program begins a softwaretimer to monitor the amount of time the Web page is displayed on theclient computer.

When the user leaves the Web page (for example, by exiting the Web pageor “clicking” on a link to another resource on the same or anotherserver), the tracking program sends the monitored time to anothercomputer on the Internet for storage and analysis.

As illustrated, for example, in FIG. 3, the client issues a TCP/IPrequest for a Web page located on a Server A (S301). After a handshakingperiod, the Server A begins to send the HTML formatted document, whichcontains an embedded URL referencing the tracking program. The clientadditionally issues a TCP/IP request to the Server B referenced by theembedded URL in order to obtain the tracking program (S302). The clientalso makes any other TCP/IP requests (S303) to obtain any otherresources (such as images, video or sound) needed in order to fullyrender the Web Page (S304). Each of such resources are typicallyreferenced by individual URLs embedded in the HTML document. Theserequests need not occur in any specific order and may referenceresources located on any server. In addition, the information requestedmay be received in any order. When the tracking program has beenobtained, the client process (i.e., the Web browser) saves the trackingprogram to RAM (S305). After any necessary initialization, the trackingprogram initiates a software timer to monitor the amount of time the Webpage is displayed (S306). When the client leaves the Web page (S307),the tracking program calculates the amount of time the user hasinteracted with and displayed the Web page and sends this information toa server. Other available client information, such as the network ID andclient ID, or so-called “Cookie” of the client, is also sent to theserver (S308). If desired, other information concerning the clientcomputer may be automatically acquired and sent to the server, such asthe type of hardware in the client computer and various resources thatare resident on the client computer.

Due to the technical limitations imposed by the Internet, the JAVAprogramming language was applied to the Internet in 1995 by programmersat Sun Microsystems, Inc. of Mountain View, Calif. For example, some ofthe fundamental technology issues facing network programmers andengineers are portability, bandwidth and security. Portability allowsthe same executable code to run across multiple operating systems.Bandwidth specifies the amount of information that can transfer acrossthe network at any time. For instance, high-speed lines categorized asT1 through T3 can transmit data at 1.544 through 45 megabits per second,ISDN lines can transmit data at rates of 64 through 128 kilobits persecond, and standard phone lines, over which most users transmit data,currently transmit using modems at approximately 28.8 kilobits persecond. In the case of a 640×480 pixel window on a computer display thatis capable of displaying images in 256 colors (which requires one byteper pixel), in order to display the window's contents requires 307,200bytes of data. To create an animation, programs typically display 15 to30 different images per second. Given a 640×480 window, 15 to 30 framesper second would require 4,608,000 to 9,216,000 bytes per second.Because many users are currently browsing the Web using 28.8 kilobit (orslower) modems, there is simply not enough bandwidth to downloadanimation screens. As a result, many Web sites today resemble magazineswhose images are for the most part static (unchanging). However, tosatisfy an audience that spends many hours in front of dynamictelevision images, Internet programmers and engineers must provide a wayto animate Web sites. One solution is to download programs written inthe JAVA programming language that implement the animation.

Animation is only one example of the use of JAVA. Using JAVA,programmers can create stand alone programs similar to those thatprogrammers can develop using C++, and can also create so-called“applets” that run within a Web browser. To address security issues,JAVA developers ensured that a programmer could not develop a computervirus using a JAVA applet and that an applet could not arbitrarilytransfer information concerning a user's system (such as a file on theuser's system) back to the server. Thus, JAVA applets have limitedoperations. For example, a JAVA applet generally cannot currently reador write files on the user's system. In this way, an applet cannot storea virus on a user's disk or arbitrarily read information stored on auser's disk. In addition, for other security and stability reasons, JAVAdevelopers eliminated or changed many features of the C and C++programming languages, such as pointers, with which advanced programmerscould bypass JAVA's security mechanisms.

JAVA applets run within a “JAVA-enabled client”, such as NetscapeNavigator version 2.0 (Windows 95 or Windows NT versions only) or later,or Microsoft's Internet Explorer version 3.0, or later. In addition,since most users browse with personal computers running Windows,Macintosh, UNIX-based systems, and the like, the JAVA developersdesigned JAVA to be portable, or “platform-independent”. Thus, the sameJAVA applets can be downloaded and run in any JAVA-enabled clientprocess, irrespective of the platform type.

JAVA applets can be used by developers to create sophisticated, fullyinteractive multimedia Web pages and Web sites executable on anyJAVA-enabled client. Representative JAVA applets are disclosed, forexample, by O. Davis, T. McGinn, and A. Bhatani, in Instant JavaApplets, Ziff-Davis Press, 1996.

Since JAVA provides the ability to download complex programminginstructions in the form of applets that are executable by aJAVA-enabled Web browser, the tracking program of the present inventionmay be implemented in the JAVA programming language. As will be readilyappreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art, however, theteachings of the present invention are not limited to JAVA applets or tothe JAVA programming language whatsoever. In connection with theInternet, for example, the present invention may also be implemented ina so-called “Active-X” environment, in which the tracking program iswritten as an Active-X component.

As will be further appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art,security restrictions may, in some cases, prevent one from having directaccess to information stored on a client's hard disk, such as clientIDs. In such cases, other means may be used to obtain this information.For example, when a Web browser makes a request for information from aserver it typically includes certain information about the client in the“HTTP request header.” The server receiving the request can obtain andstore this information using known means implemented, for example, in aso-called “CGI script” executable on the server. Therefore, one way ofobtaining client identifying indicia is to embed a request in the HTMLfile for another resource on a server that will obtain and store theindicia. This resource may be a program (such as a CGI script) thatcaptures relevant information and stores it. This information can thenbe combined with information monitored by the tracking program toprovide a more detailed knowledge base. This embedded request may be inaddition to the embedded tracking program. Representative CGI scriptscapable of capturing client identifying indicia are disclosed by A.Gundavaram, in CGI Programming on the World Wide Web, O'Reilly Press,1996.

In order to store client-identifying indicia, such as a user's networkID (IP) and client ID numbers (cookies) and associated trackinginformation, a database is set up on a server. This may be done in anyknown manner, such as by using a commercially-available database programdesigned, for example, for the high-speed processing of large databases.In the case of the tracking program described above, the informationstored in the server database may include the network ID, client ID, theassociated link (the URL of the Web page), the amount of time the userspent interacting with the Web page, and any selections or choices madeby the user while interacting with the Web page. Thus, theabove-described tracking program permits Web site administrators andInternet advertisers, for example, to determine not only the number ofuser visits or hits made to a particular Web page, but also permits theaccurate determination of the length of time users have displayed and/orinteracted with their Web page. This is invaluable information toInternet advertisers, among others, and permits advertisers to makeinformed decisions as to the effectiveness and value of particular Webpages and/or ad banners.

A more particular embodiment of this aspect of the invention isillustrated in FIG. 4. A Web page (or HTML document) is requested by theclient from a first server A, using TCP/IP and HTTP protocols (S401).This HTML document contains text, as well as embedded URLs that point tographical images (e.g. GIF format image files) also located on the firstserver A. The images, in general, may be located on any HTTP server onthe Internet. These images are embedded inside the Web page using theknown HTML <IMG> tag, which allows one to specify the source URL for animage, as well as additional information such as size and other layoutparameters. These images will then be fetched by the client using TCP/IPand HTTP protocols from Server A (S402) and rendered on the browser(S405). The Web page (or other Web or HTML document) additionallyincludes embedded URLs which point to two resources that reside on asecond server “B”. One of the resources is an executable program, whichexecutes on Server B, and is a CGI script. This resource is alsoembedded inside the Web page using the <IMG> tag. Thus, in attempting torender the Web page, the client will automatically fetch this resource(S403), which forces execution of the CGI script on the second Server Band the return of information output from the script to the client. Inthis case, the information returned to the client is formatted as an GIFimage type which is extremely small as well as completely transparent(S403B). When the CGI script executes, it may collect information fromthe HTTP request header such as browser type, network ID (IP address),and if set, client ID (“cookie”), as well as any additional availableinformation such as time of execution and the URL of the Web page, andstore it in a database—for example using SQL (S403A, S404). In stepS403B, the CGI script returns information to the client, which includesa response header which indicates (among other information), that thereturn type is an image, that this resource should not be cached by theclient, and if no client ID is set and the client supports it, that aclient ID is to be set to a value generated by the script.

In addition, the CGI script may monitor the number of times the Web pagehas been accessed in general. On the other hand, another CGI scriptlocated on the same or another server may be used for this purpose. Thisprocess may be carried out by simply incrementing a counter each timethe resource is accessed, or may be conducted at any other time bymerely counting the number of entries made in a stored record ofrequests made for the resource.

The other resource located on Server B is a JAVA applet, the trackingprogram. This resource can also be located on any other server, and isembedded in the Web page using the known HTML <APPLET> tag, which allowsone to specify the source URL (through the CODE and CODEBASE parameters)as well as additional size, layout and initialization parameters. Theclient, in attempting to render the Web page, will automatically fetchthe applet by making a request to Server B using the TCP/IP and HTTPprotocols (S406). Soon after it has received the JAVA code for thetracking program, it will first execute the INIT (initialization) methodof the applet (S407) and then the START method. The START method willmake note of the current time using standard JAVA methods (S408). TheSTOP method of the applet which is executed, for example, when the userleaves the Web page (S409), will compute the difference between thecurrent time and the time noted during execution of the START method.This difference, which is the time between execution of the STOP andexecution of the START methods, is sent to the Server B for storage andanalysis (S410). The information can be sent using standard JAVA networkmethods, such as opening a URL connection to a second CGI script onServer B (or any other server) designed to capture the trackedinformation (S410A). This second CGI script can then obtain anyinformation tracked and transmitted by the applet as well as anyavailable information in the HTTP request header. This information canbe stored in a database on Server B or elsewhere. If necessary, theinformation stored by both scripts may be combined into one or morecomplete databases. As will be understood by those of ordinary skill inthe art, acquisition of information by the server need not be conductedusing CGI scripts. For instance, this information may be acquired by anyother server-resident process designed for this purpose, or may beuploaded by the tracking program or other client-resident process, suchas by a direct connection to a resource located on a server (i.e., adatabase), or by using any other known process.

The database thus constructed can be indexed by resource identity andmay contain information about users who have visited the Web page, suchas their network and client IDs, how often they visited the Web page,how long the Web page was displayed, and so on. Additionally, if theabove-mentioned tracking mechanism is implemented across various Webpages in a particular Web site, the database thus constructed maycontain similar information about the different Web pages in the Website. Similarly, the information acquired by the tracking program may becombined with a process for monitoring the number of times the Webresource has been accessed. An analysis of the data on a user-indexedbasis would facilitate the determination of individual user interestsand the like. On the other hand, analysis of the data on aresource-indexed basis would allow the determination of, for example,which Web pages are viewed the longest and/or most often either by usersin general, or by specific users. Thus, it would be possible todetermine if there were different types of users that preferreddifferent sections of the Web site (because, for example, they spentmore time browsing different sections of the Web site). Additionally, ifthe above-mentioned tracking program is attached to an ad banner that isembedded in multiple Web pages across different Web sites (as istypically the case with ad banners), the database thus constructed maycontain information about how often and for how long the different pagesthat contained the ad banner were displayed, as well as more specificinformation about users that visited those pages. With this information,advertisers could determine the accuracy of data supplied to them by Website administrators about the number of times their ad banner wasdisplayed, as well as learn how long the Web page containing the adbanner was displayed-a number that would be of great use in determiningthe effectiveness of their advertising.

In another embodiment, the software timer of the tracking program may beinitiated or stopped when the user incurs a keyboard or mouse event,such as by “clicking” on a specified area of an ad banner. This isillustrated in the flowchart shown in FIG. 5. Operation of the system inthis embodiment is similar to that shown in FIG. 3. Thus, the clientfirst issues a TCP/IP request (S501). After a handshaking period, afirst Server A begins to send an HTML formatted document, which containsan embedded URL referencing the tracking program. The clientadditionally issues a TCP/IP request to a second Server B referenced bythe embedded URL in order to obtain the tracking program (S502B). Theclient also makes any other TCP/IP requests to obtain any otherresources (such as images, video or sound) needed in order to fullyrender the Web Page (S502A). Each of such resources are typicallyreferenced by individual URLs embedded in the HTML document. Theserequests need not occur in any specific order, and the informationrequested may be received in any order. When the tracking program hasbeen obtained, the client process (i.e., the Web browser) saves thetracking program to RAM (S503B). In this case, the tracking programcommences a software timer upon the detection of a predetermined useraction (S504). When the user performs another predetermined action(S505), the tracking program calculates the amount of time between thepredetermined user actions, and sends this information, along with otheravailable client information, to the server (S506).

Thus, for instance, the software timer of the tracking program may beused in monitor the amount of time a user spends interacting with aportion of a Web page. For example, if the Web page is provided with aninteractive resource such as a game or an information resource activatedby clicking on a particular button, the tracking program may determinehow long a user has interacted with such a selection. In the case of aWeb page provided with an ad banner, the tracking program can bedesigned to monitor the amount of time a user has interacted with the adbanner.

The tracking program may be used not only to monitor the time spent by auser in a Web page or an ad banner, but may also be used to create amore complex “historical” user profile to permit the server to assemblea Web page or target an ad banner based upon the diverse interests ofrespective users.

For example, when a user is exposed to an ad banner having informationtargeted to their particular interests, the user is more likely tointeract with that ad banner for a longer period of time and on a morefrequent basis, thereby increasing the value of that ad banner. Inaccordance with the present invention, in order to learn the particularinterests of respective users, an ad banner may include specificinformation permitting the user to interact in different ways with thebanner. The ad banner may have pull-down menu options, clickable buttonsor “hot-spots”, keyboard input, or any number of input mechanisms, whoseselection or action upon in a designated manner causes correspondingevents to take place in the ad banner such as the generation orsynthesis of sounds, the display of images, video, or graphicanimations, or the presentation of different types of information to theuser, perhaps with additional choices. Such information may, forexample, include links to interactive games, links to entertainmentinformation, sports-related games and/or trivia, and the like, orinformation concerning particular goods and services, or means by whichto order or purchase specific goods and services. The more choices thatare made available, the more information that can be acquired concerningthe user's particular interests. Of course, an unlimited number ofpossibilities are available, depending upon the application, and anexhaustive listing of such possibilities cannot be provided herein.

In this case, the tracking program is downloaded, as described above,with the HTML document in response to a TCP/IP client request. As above,the tracking program may monitor the amount of time the user spendsdisplaying both the Web page and the ad banner embedded in the Web pageas a whole, but also monitors the user's interaction with the Web pageand the ad banner, such as by monitoring each of the choices made by theuser within the Web page and ad banner. Thus, for example, if aninteractive sports-related game is included in the Web page, thetracking program will determine if a user has played the game, what hisor her score was, how long they played the game, and any other possibleinformation. If a choice of different games, each directed to adifferent interest, are made available to users within the same adbanner, it is possible to determine what is of most interest to the userby the selection of the game. In addition, the ad banner may be providedwith multiple links to other, diverse Web sites, such as Web sitesrelating to sports, entertainment, general information, technology,history, and the like. The tracking program monitors which of thevarious links are selected and provides this information to the server.As discussed above, other available client information may also be sentto the server. This information is sorted and stored in the serverdatabase and may be analyzed manually or automatically.

The tracked information may be used to assemble resources geared towardthe user's interests. Based upon the historic user profiles created inthe server database, downloading of information to the same client on asubsequent visit to the same or different Web page may be done on a moreintelligent basis. For example, users who have previously expressed aninterest in sports-related trivia (as indicated by their previouslytracked behavior) may be served with information targeted to audiencesinterested in sports. Similarly, users who have expressed greaterinterest in technology may be served with technology-related informationthat would be of much less interest to other users. The assembly of aresource such as a Web page may be easily accomplished. For example, theHTML document of the Web page may include a plurality of embeddedresources. Previous choices made by a user on a particular clientcomputer and stored in a user profile database may be used to determinewhich of the resources is to be downloaded to that client using simplelogical processing instructions. For instance, a user profile whichindicates that a user has a greater interest in sports-relatedinformation than in historical information may be used to downloadsports-related resources, such as GIF-type images and advertisements.Since the user has previously expressed a greater interest in sports,sports-related advertisements may therefore be targeted to that user.

A particular implementation of this mechanism is illustrated in FIG. 6.A Web page is requested by the client from Server A (S601). This Webpage contains text, as well as embedded images which must be fetchedfrom Server A (S602) and rendered (S605). In addition, the Web pagecontains embedded URLs that point to two resources on Server B. Thefirst resource is a first CGI script 1, which is embedded inside the Webpage using the standard HTML <IMG> tag (S603). In attempting to renderthe Web page, the client will automatically fetch the resourceassociated with the <IMG> tag on Server B, which will result inexecution of the CGI script 1. This CGI script 1 can capture clientinformation such as Network ID or Client ID (S603A). The CGI script alsoreturns a transparent image (S603B).

The other resource on Server B is a Java applet, which is a combinationad banner and tracking program. This may be stored on any server. Inattempting to render the Web page, the client will automatically fetchthe Java code (S604), download, initialize, and start operation of theapplet (S607, S608). After the applet is initialized, it contacts ServerB to obtain other resources it needs in order to display images, playsounds, or control its overall look and behavior. In fact, the appletmay obtain these resources by executing one or more CGI scripts or otherprocesses that reside on Server B or elsewhere (S607). Based oninformation provided to these scripts through standard HTTP methods,including client information (S607A), such as network and client IDs,any other information such as the URL of the Web page, as well asinformation captured by the CGI script 1, and the previously constructedhistorical database profile (S607B), different information (images,sounds, text, etc.) may be returned to the applet. Such information cantherefore be selected by the scripts based on Network and/or Client ID,the URL of the Web page, and the previously constructed client profile.This may be accomplished in the manner described above.

The STOP method of the applet which is executed, for example, when theuser leaves the Web page (S609), will compute the difference between thecurrent time and the time noted during execution of the START method.This difference, which is the time between execution of the STOP andexecution of the START methods, is sent to the Server B for storage andanalysis (S610). The information can be sent using standard JAVA networkmethods, such as opening a URL connection to a second CGI script onServer B designed to capture the tracked information (S610A, S610B). Instep S610A, the second CGI script may obtain any information acquired bythe tracking program (i.e., the JAVA applet), as well as clientidentifying indicia transmitted by the client, such as in the HTTPrequest header. This information can be stored in a database on ServerB. If necessary, the information stored by both scripts may be combinedinto one more complete databases.

In this embodiment of the present invention, two distinct databases maybe created. The first database is indexable by resource identity (suchas URL), and includes information such as URL of the Web document,number of times accessed, identity of clients that accessed the Webdocument, amount of time displayed, amount of data displayed, averagetime displayed, number of times accessed, and the like. In the case ofan ad banner or other embedded resource which may be accessed by a linkmade by a user while browsing another resource, the database may includeadditional information such as “click-through rate” (the number of timesthe ad banner was clicked on to go to the Web site of the advertiser),and the like.

A second database that may be created is indexable by individual client,and includes information concerning individual client's interests andpreferences. These separate databases may be combined in a singledatabase indexable by client or resource identity.

In another embodiment, illustrated in FIG. 7, the tracking program isused to create a database of information about a Web site (or, ifdesired, across multiple Web sites on multiple servers). In this case,the same tracking program is embedded in multiple Web pages served up bythe same Server A. The tracking program in general originates from aServer B (but may also originate from Server A). The tracking programwill monitor the time the Web page was displayed, and may capture anyother information available to it. For example, the tracking program candetermine the URL of the Web page it is embedded in and may determinethe amount of information downloaded by the client.

In particular, a Web page is requested by the client from Server A(S701). This Web page contains text, as well as embedded images whichmust be fetched from Server A (S702) and rendered (S705). In addition,the Web page contains embedded URLs that point to two resources onServer B. The first resource is a CGI script, which is embedded insidethe Web page using the standard HTML <IMG> tag (S703). In attempting torender the Web page, the client will automatically fetch the resource onServer B, which will result in execution of a CGI script 1. This CGIscript 1 can capture client information such as Network ID or Client ID(S703A) and returns a transparent image (S703B). The other resource onServer B is a Java applet. This may be stored on any server. Inattempting to render the Web page, the client will automatically fetchthe JAVA code, store it in RAM, initialize, and start operation of theapplet (S707). The START method of the applet is executed and the applettakes note of the current time (S708). Thereafter, the applet contactsthe Server A and, if security restrictions allow it, the applet queriesthe Server A for the page it is embedded in, determines its size, aswell as the URLs of other embedded resources (such as images or video),and requests header information about these resources in order todetermine their size (S709). In this case, the tracking program maydetermine the size of the fully rendered Web page, (i.e., the number ofbits that must be downloaded in order to fully render the Web page). Ifthe tracking program is part of a larger embedded application thatdisplays information downloaded from a server (such as a live news feedapplet), the tracking program can also monitor the amount of informationdownloaded and displayed by the applet. Before or as the user leaves theWeb page (S710), the tracking program can transmit this information toServer B for storage and analysis (S711, S711A, S711B). In this manner,it is possible to build a database of accurate information concerninghow often different pages of a Web site are requested, how long they aredisplayed, and how much information was downloaded. This informationwould be of use to Web site administrators in order to judge thepopularity of different Web pages, as well as for example to setadvertising rates for any embedded advertisements.

In yet another embodiment, the tracking program is used to assemble abill for the user's access to information. For example, users who haveaccess to a live news or entertainment feed may be charged according tothe amount of information displayed, either according to bit size ortime, or both. Imagine that the tracking program is attached to a livefeed applet. The tracking program monitors the time the information isdisplayed and the amount of bits downloaded and automatically transmitsthis information back to a server when the user leaves. Together withthe user's ID (client and network), and billing information that theuser was previously requested to enter, it is possible to determine thecorrect charge for the user. Similarly, a user could be charged andbilled for time spent on a Web page, as well as amount of informationdownloaded by him or her.

The methods embodied in the invention may be used to create webresources with so-called “persistent” state. That is, the trackingprogram, in addition to the client profile database, may also be used tocreate a Web resource that appears to automatically “remember” theuser's previous interactions on the Web resource. This may beimplemented as in FIG. 6. For example, consider a Web page with anembedded Crossword program which also incorporates tracking mechanisms.When the page is rendered and the Crossword program commences, a user isable to use the keyboard and mouse to fill in letters on the Web pagebased on clues that are displayed. At the same time, these choices aretracked, along with any other information including but not limited totime. Before or at the time the user leaves the Web page, the trackedinformation is sent to a server for storage (S610). When the user laterreturns to that page, the network or client ID is used to automaticallyfill in the letters in the crossword that were previously selected (Asin S607-607C).

Although the invention has been described in terms of preferredembodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that variousmodifications of the invention can be practiced within the spirit andscope of the appended claims. Thus, for example, the scripts used totransfer data need not be CGI scripts but could be a dedicated server ora direct connection to the database, such as using JDBC (Java DatabaseConnectivity) to place data into the database.

In addition, while the preferred embodiments have been described inconnection with JAVA applets that are executable on a client, thetracking of user interaction may be accomplished by a client executableprogram written in a language other than JAVA. For example, theteachings of the present invention may be accomplished using Active-Xcomponents in conjunction with the Internet Explorer Web browser. Inaddition, the tracking program need not be a program that executes onthe client computer. For example, the tracking program may comprise aCGI script located on a server. Upon execution of the CGI script, thetime at which a Web page is downloaded may be determined. By modifyingWeb browser software using appropriate instructions, the browser can beused to send a signal to the server that downloaded the Web page uponthe occurrence of a predetermined user operation (such as exiting theWeb page or clicking on a link to another Web page or resource). In thismanner, a program running on the server can be used to determine thetotal time period the user has interacted with and displayed the Webpage.

It should also be appreciated that while the preferred embodiments ofthe tracking program use a single database to store the information,multiple databases could be used to store and process the information.

In addition, while in the preferred embodiments of the tracking programthe server that originated the tracking program and the database resideon the same machine, this is not a requirement of the present invention.The database may instead reside on a separate machine from that whichserves the tracking program. Similarly, while in the preferredembodiments the server that originates the network resource, or Web page(Server A), and the server that originates the tracking program (ServerB) are different servers, this is not a requirement of the presentinvention. The network resource (Web page) and the tracking program maybe served out by the same server.

It should also be appreciated that while in the preferred embodimentsthe tracking program uses the HTTP and TCP/IP protocols, other networkdata transmission protocols could be used that implement the samefunctionality. Moreover, use of an HTML formatted Web page is notnecessary. The information supplied to the user may not be in the formof an HTML or Web document such as a Web page, but can be some otherform of information. In addition, the tracking program need not bedownloaded to the client from the server, but can be an added module tothe client application or Web browser running on the client, or may bestored elsewhere on the client machine. For example, in the former case,added modules could be plug-ins and in the latter case could be referredto as cached resources. In such cases, the client application or Webbrowser would include appropriate means to enable activation of thetracking program and the uploading of a client profile based upon theuser's interaction with a Web page or network resource.

Moreover, although in the preferred embodiments it is envisioned thatthe network resource or Web page is downloaded from a remote server,this is not a limitation of the invention. The precise location of thetarget document or server is not important. For example, the targetdocument may even be located on the hard drive of the client machine.

Also, while in the above-described embodiments, the client profile iscreated automatically using information acquired by the tracking programand one or more CGI scripts and is stored in the server database, theclient profile can be created in a different manner and/or supplementedby additional information. For example, one such technique for creatinga client profile is through the use of HTML “fill-in” form tags. In suchcases, the client profile is created not by the tracking program, butinstead by the client. Based on the client profile, the server can serveout information targeted to the client's interest, as revealed by thefill-in form.

Also, while the preferred embodiments have been described in the contextof Web browser software, the techniques of the invention apply equallywhether the user accesses a local area network, a wide area network, apublic network, a private network, the Internet, the World Wide Web, orthe like, and whether access to the network is achieved using a directconnection or an indirect connection. For example, in connection withthe World Wide Web, the teachings of the present invention apply whethera network connection is obtained via a direct Internet connection orindirectly through some on-line service provider. Thus, the “computernetwork” in which the invention is implemented should be broadlyconstrued to include any computer network in which one or more clientsis connectable to one or more servers, including those networks basedupon the client-server model in which a client can link to a “remote”document (even if that document is available on the same machine,system, or “Intranet”).

It should also be appreciated that while in the preferred embodimentsthe tracking program is downloaded with the Web page from the server,this is not a limitation of the invention. The tracking program need notbe embedded within an existing Web page, but rather may be embeddedwithin a Web browser or supported elsewhere within the client itself.Thus, the tracking program may be initiated whenever a call to a Webpage or network resource is made, such as when a search to a particularURL is initiated, or when a previously-stored URL is launched.

1. In a computer network having one or more servers connectable to oneor more clients, a method of monitoring user interaction with a filedownloaded from a server, comprising the steps of: using a client tospecify an address of a resource located on a first server; downloadinga file corresponding to the resource from the first server in responseto specification of the address; using the client to measure the amountof time the user spends interacting with or displaying the filedownloaded from the first server; using a server to acquire clientidentifying indicia from the client; and uploading the amount of timemeasured by the client to a server.